Doxazosin

Gary G. Bennett, PhD

Professor in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience
Bishop-MacDermott Family Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience
Research Professor of Global Health
Associate Professor in Medicine
Associate of the Duke Initiative for Science & Society
Core Faculty Member, Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy
Member of the Duke Cancer Institute

https://medicine.duke.edu/faculty/gary-g-bennett-phd

To those who are used to dealing with bank references gastritis symptoms vomiting purchase cheap doxazosin line, this reference was a warning gastritis from not eating order doxazosin 2mg visa, and D intended it as such because Easipower had an overdraft with the bank and the bank knew that they were about to call in this overdraft atrophic gastritis symptoms nhs doxazosin 2 mg low price. When Easipower went into liquidation gastritis symptoms nih discount doxazosin 1mg amex, unable to pay their advertising bill of fi17 gastritis eggs generic 2mg doxazosin visa,000 gastritis diet �� generic 1mg doxazosin with amex, P sued D for negligently giving a favourable reference. However, the importance of the case lies in the fact that the House of Lords stated that the maker of a negligent mis-statement may be liable in tort to the representee. It is difficult to say in exactly what circumstances the representor becomes liable. The House held that for A to owe B a duty of care in respect of any statement made to him, A and B must be in a special relationship. If, for instance, they disclosed a casual social approach to the inquiry no such special relationship or duty of care would be assumed. To import such a duty to a representation must normally, I think, concern 241 Law for Non-Law Students a business or professional transaction whose nature makes clear the gravity of the inquiry and the importance and influence attached to the answer. The case of Caparo v Dickman (1990) laid down four conditions to be met if a duty of care was to exist in the case of pure economic loss. They had prepared annual accounts on the strength of which C (the plaintiff) bought shares in Fidelity and mounted a successful takeover bid. Held: D owed no duty of care in respect of the accuracy of the accounts, either to members of the public who relied on the accounts to invest in the company or to any individual existing shareholder who relied on the accounts to increase his shareholding. Auditors prepare accounts not to promote the interests of potential investors but to assist shareholders collectively to exercise their right to control the company. Four conditions must be met for a duty of care to exist in respect of pure economic loss: (a) the defendant must be fully aware of the nature of the transaction which the claimant had in contemplation; (b) he must either have communicated that information directly or must well know that it will be communicated to him or a restricted class of persons of which D is a member; (c) he must specifically anticipate that the claimant will properly and reasonably rely on that information when deciding whether or not to engage in the transaction; and (d) the purpose for which P does rely on that information must be a purpose connected with interests which it is reasonable to demand that the defendants protect. The court thought that if a duty were owed to all potential investors, this would result in unlimited liability on the part of the auditors. In making the statements about profit records, reliance was made on accounts recently prepared by the auditors and endorsed by Hill Samuel. In addition, it had to be just and reasonable to impose liability on the defendant. In this case, some of the representations were made after the bid was made and because the bid had been made. Therefore, this case could be distinguished from Caparo since, in that case, the accounts had not been prepared for the purpose for which the plaintiff had relied on them. In Esso v Mardon (1976), M was negotiating to take the lease of a petrol station owned by E. This made the station uneconomic and, therefore, in July 1964, M gave up the tenancy. However, it was a contractual term that the forecast should have been made with reasonable care and skill. The statement was also a negligent mis-statement within the meaning of the Hedley Byrne case. It was not a statement of opinion on the lines of Bisset v Wilkinson (1927), because the representer in this case had specialised knowledge which the representee did not have. He did not receive his expectation loss, which is the basis on which damages would be awarded for breach of contract, which would be the amount of profit he would have made if the throughput had been 200,000 gallons. Nowadays, a person who has been induced to contract by a misrepresentation of the other contracting party will normally seek to rely 243 Law for Non-Law Students on s 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967, though he will include a Hedley Byrne claim and a breach of contract claim so as to cover all possibilities. Statutory misrepresentation Until the case of Hedley Byrne v Heller (1963), the only remedy for a misrepresentation which was made innocently (that is, non-fraudulently) was rescission. This was the case even where the misrepresentation was made negligently and had the consequence that, where a non-fraudulent misrepresentation resulted in substantial financial loss, the innocent party was unable to reclaim his loss by way of damages. This was unsatisfactory, since allegations of fraud are not easy to prove (see, for example, Derry v Peek above) and, furthermore, allegations of fraud entitle the defendant to call for a jury, which increases the liability for costs should the plaintiff lose the case. The case of Hedley Byrne v Heller mitigated the earlier law in that the House of Lords ruled that where a misrepresentation is made negligently, the innocent party can sue for the tort of negligence. However, the 1967 Misrepresentation Act went a stage further in that it provided for a party who makes a misrepresentation to be liable to pay damages: notwithstanding that the misrepresentation was not made fraudulently unless he proves that he had reasonable grounds to believethat the facts represented were true. Both statutory misrepresentations and negligent mis-statements are statements which, though made honestly, are made without the sufficient care which should have been given in the circumstances, so that a statutory misrepresentation overlaps to some extent with the common law of negligent mis-statement established by the Hedley Byrne case. The statutory remedy for misrepresentation offered by s 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act is generally thought to offer a superior remedy to that offered by the tort of negligence, in that: (a) the representee does not have to prove that the representor owed him a duty of care (though it is difficult to imagine circumstances in which one contracting party would not owe the other a duty of care); (b) the claimant who uses Hedley Byrne has to prove negligence in the normal way, whereas with s 2(1) there is a presumption of negligence and it is up to the defendant to prove that he had reasonable grounds for believing his statement to be true; and 244 Chapter 10: Misrepresentation (c) the rules as to remoteness of damage differ: under s 2(1) the damages are assessed as if the misrepresentation had been made fraudulently, which means that all direct damage is recoverable (see Smith New Court Securities v Scrimgeour Vickers (1996), above); under Hedley Byrne the damages are assessed on a negligence basis, which means that only damage of the type that is foreseeable is compensable. The second defendant (D2) was a car dealer; the first defendant (Dl) was his customer. However, Dl had insufficient cash to pay a deposit which the claimants (R), a finance company, required before they would finance the agreement. The two defendants therefore submitted incorrect figures to R, which made it appear that Dl had paid a greater deposit than was actually the case. As a consequence of the fraud perpetrated by Dl and D2, R lent more money than they would otherwise have done. Dl fraudulently sold it to an innocent third party, who obtained a good title under s 27 of the Hire-Purchase Act 1964. R therefore sought to recover their loss from Dl and D2, relying on s 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967. There were three possibilities: (a) that R had lost nothing since, under the transaction between R and D2, R had obtained ownership of a car which was worth at least the sum which they had lent to Dl under the hire-purchase agreement; or (b) that R had lost the outstanding instalments which were owed to them by Dl and the additional money which R had loaned because of the fraudulent statements made to them by Dl and 2 (this solution would still have left R out of pocket on the deal); or (c) that R had lost the difference between what R had loaned and the instalments which Dl had repaid. The issue to be resolved was whether R were entitled only to their foreseeable loss (which they would be awarded if their damages were to be assessed according to the rules of negligence) or whether they were entitled to the full amount of their direct loss, to which they would be entitled if the damages were awarded on the basis of the tort of deceit. The court gave judgment in favour of the finance company against the dealer for fi3,625. The earlier case of Howard Marine v Ogden (1978), indicates the sometimes complex relationship between the statutory action under s 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act, an action for the tort of negligence at common law, and an action for breach of contract. They won a contract which involved transporting excavated earth out to sea in order to dispose of it. Owing to the fact that the barges would not carry as much as had been expected, the job proceeded more slowly than it should have done, resulting in extra costs for O. The three judges in the Court of Appeal were unanimous in deciding that H had not intended their statement as to the carrying capacity of the barges to be a contractual term. Wholly innocent misrepresentation this is where the maker of an untrue statement had reasonable grounds for believing that his statement was true. For example, the owner of a house informs a prospective purchaser that the house is free from damp. For example, if A sells B a chair for fi500, having misrepresented that it is an antique, the contract is rescinded by B giving back the chair to A and A giving back the fi500 to B. However, this discretion is not absolute: it is exercised according to established rules and the courts have laid down four circumstances in which they will refuse to exercise their discretion in favour of the claimant. In the case of fraudulent misrepresentation or breach of fiduciary duty, delay is calculated from the time the plaintiff discovered the fraud entitling him to rescind. However, in the case of non-fraudulent misrepresentation, delay is probably calculated from the time when, with reasonable diligence, the representee should have discovered the misrepresentation. In Oscar Chess v Williams (1957), where eight months elapsed between the contract and the claim for rescission, it was held that the delay was too long, even though the claim was made immediately the truth was discovered. In Leaf v International Galleries (1950), the plaintiff was sold a drawing of Salisbury Cathedral which was represented as being by the famous artist, Constable. It was not until five years later, when L wished to sell the painting, that he discovered that the drawing was not by Constable. He claimed rescission of the contract (in 1950, damages were not available for misrepresentation unless it were fraudulent). It was held that five years was too long a delay, despite the fact that L made his claim immediately on discovering the truth. If he does not, the court may conclude that he has affirmed it (that is, indicated an intention to go on with the contract despite the misrepresentation). In Long v Lloyd (1958), the defendant was a haulage contractor who advertised a lorry for sale for fi850. He found that the speedometer was not working, a spring was missing from the accelerator pad and that it was difficult to engage top gear. The defendant asserted that there was nothing wrong with the lorry other than what the defendant had found and also asserted at this stage that the lorry would do 11 miles to the gallon. Two days later he drove it to Rochester, on a round journey of 40 miles, to pick up a load. During the journey the dynamo ceased to function, there was a crack in one of the wheels, an oil seal was leaking badly and it did only five miles to the gallon. The defendant offered to pay half the cost of a reconstructed dynamo but denied knowledge of the other defects. The plaintiff thereupon asked for his money back but the defendant refused to give it to him. The lorry was subsequently examined by an expert who pronounced it to be unroadworthy. Note that since the Misrepresentation Act 1967, the plaintiff in a similar case would almost certainly succeed in an action for damages for statutory misrepresentation under s 2(1) of the Act. This will be the case where the subject matter of the contract has been wholly or partly consumed or, for example, where the subject matter of a contract is a mine, where the mine has been substantially worked or worked out. In Clarke v Dickson (1858), the plaintiff invested money in a partnership to work lead mines in Wales. Four years later the partnership capital was converted into shares in a limited company. Shortly afterwards the company commenced winding up proceedings, at which time the plaintiff discovered that certain statements which had been made to him were false. Held: rescission could not be granted since the partnership was no longer in existence, having been replaced by the limited company. This means that, until the innocent party rescinds the contract (for example, by telling the other party that they wish to end the contract), the contract is valid. Thus, while the contract is valid, the guilty party may dispose of the subject matter to a third party, and, providing that the third party takes the subject matter in good faith and for value and without notice of the misrepresentation, the third party acquires a good title to the subject matter. If the claim for rescission is made after third parties have acquired rights in the subject matter, rescission will not be granted. Thus, the time at which the innocent party effectively rescinds the contract is of paramount importance where a third party is claiming that he has acquired rights under the contract. But what about the situation where A sells his car to B and takes a cheque in paymentfi This is a misrepresentation, since a person who proffers a cheque in payment impliedly represents that it will be honoured. However, a fraudulent person will often abscond in circumstances where it will not be possible for the innocent party to inform him that he is rescinding the contract. In such a case, will informing the police of the fraud and asking them to recover the subject matter of the contract be sufficient to rescind the contract with the roguefi However, there are two circumstances in which entitlement to rescission may entitle the innocent party to a payment of money. The second is where, in the case of an innocent (that is, nonfraudulent) misrepresentation, he is granted damages in lieu of rescission.

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However gastritis lettuce buy doxazosin on line, while this showed a significant short-term benefit gastritis diet �� cheap doxazosin 1 mg, assessed at 20 weeks following 16 weeks of treatment gastritis symptoms vomiting generic doxazosin 2 mg line, between-group differences were not significant at the 10-month follow-up gastritis y acidez order doxazosin overnight delivery. It also produced improved results when compared with medication gastritis y sintomas order doxazosin overnight delivery, and was equivalent in efficacy to the use of a full cognitive behavioral therapy program (Lambert et al gastritis pain purchase doxazosin 4 mg on line. However, that is not the whole story, and the intervention is based on the observation that likely causes of panic and anxiety are diverse, from genetic predisposition to altered sensitivity in neurotransmitter/receptor density and function and body-system function, and include cognitive and environmental factors. This model helps to identify at which point in the system an intervention can be attempted. The lifestyle intervention focuses on a different and already internal part of the system, in terms of habitual lifestyle behaviors that influence emergent mood and behavior through stress-response feedback mechanisms, physiologic function, and cognitive interpretation. Another point of entry (although not shown) may be through environmental influences such as work or other occupational behaviors. Lifestyle review can help clients gain an understanding of how their habitual lifestyle behaviors may affect symptoms of anxiety and panic. Through this, clients can learn what actions can assist them to regain control over such symptoms, and to regain control over their routine occupational behaviors. This places them in a better position to fulfill desired occupational roles and achieve an occupational balance. Declaration of Interest the main trial results from the wider study were presented at the 33rd North American Primary Care Research Group meeting held in Quebec City on October 15 to 18, 2005. Acknowledgment I am indebted to the grant-awarding bodies whose financial support made the research possible. An effective exercise-based intervention for improving mental health and quality of life measures: a randomized controlled trial. Cigarette smoking and panic attacks among young adults in the community: the role of parental smoking and anxiety disorders. Change in lifestyle factors and their influence on health status and all-cause mortality. An evaluation of the use of lifestyle change as a therapeutic tool with clients presenting with mental health problems with specific reference to caffeine use and fluid balance. A pragmatic, unblinded randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of an occupational therapy led Treating Alternation of Lifestyle and routine care of panic disorder presenting in primary care. Unpublished PhD dissertation, School of Allied Health Professions, University of East Anglia, Norwich. Origin of the comorbidity of anxiety disorders and alcohol dependence: findings of a general population study. Caffeine challenge in clients with panic disorder: baseline differences between those who panic and those who do not. Anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of the association between smoking status and anxiety symptoms and bodily vigilance: replication and extension in a young adult sample. A healthy body, a healthy mind: long-term impact of diet on mood and cognitive function. Occupational science: a new source of power for participants in occupational therapy. Chapter 29 Trunk Restraint: Physical Intervention for Improvement of Upper-Limb Motor Impairment and Function Mindy F. Levin the physical intervention discussed here is task-related training combined with trunk restraint to limit motor compensation during reaching-and-grasping training. Abstract Children and adults with hemiparesis use excessive trunk movement to compensate for limitations in arm movement during reaching activities. Reaching and grasping with physical limitation of trunk movements (trunk restraint) leads to improvements in the quality of arm motor patterns (shoulder and elbow) and of upper-limb function. The intervention consists of task-oriented upper-limb therapy performed while movements of the trunk are limited by strapping the trunk to the back of a chair. The trunk restraint limits forward and lateral trunk displacement and rotation but allows scapular movement. Levin Definitions and Historical Development Functional gains may be accompanied by increased compensatory movements of the trunk (anterior/lateral displacement and rotation), to compensate for arm motor impairments (Levin et al. Practice of a movement without restriction of trunk motor compensations or feedback of motor performance may lead to increased motor compensation (Cirstea and Levin, 2000). When motor compensation occurs during movement production, the central nervous system receives nonoptimal sensory information from the trunk and limb (Adkins et al. This would interfere with the recovery of premorbid movement patterns, as has been suggested for the control of posture (Nashner et al. Restraint of trunk movement during performance of upper-limb activities combined with task-specific upper-limb training (Carr and Shepherd, 2000) improves functional outcomes after stroke more than unrestrained upper-limb training (Michaelsen et al. By restraining the excessive movements of the trunk during reaching and grasping training, more relevant somatosensory input from the arm joints can be provided and used to modulate the reaching pattern. This can be achieved by increasing the intensity of the afferent input (Hadders-Algra et al. Purpose the purpose of the application of trunk restraint during the practice of upper limb tasks is to improve arm motor function by providing more appropriate, afferent information to the central nervous system from the affected arm to facilitate the reappearance of more efficient premorbid movement patterns. The technique is indicated for adults or children with moderate-to-severe hemiparesis who use excessive compensatory trunk movement when attempting to reach and grasp objects (Michaelsen et al. The length of the arm is defined as the distance between the medial border of the axilla and the fingertips of the outstretched hand for pointing activities, or the distance between the medial border of the axilla and the wrist crease for activities involving grasping. However, since trunk compensation is most likely to be greater when objects to be manipulated are placed further from the body, most of the activities should be done in the far workspace. The range of the activities should be varied and should include different combinations of wrist, elbow, and shoulder-joint movements. The number of repetitions should be high and the activities should be challenging to drive plastic changes in the nervous system (Kwakkel, 2006; Shepherd, 2001). Results Clinical Application Fundamental Principles for Clinical Use When motor compensations occur during movement production, the central nervous system receives nonoptimal sensory information from the trunk and limb (Adkins et al. This would interfere with the recovery of premorbid movement patterns, as suggested for the control of posture (Nashner et al. A Brief Guide to Clinical Practice the technique is most effective in clients with moderate-to-severe hemiparesis who use more trunk compensation than do those who have mild hemiparesis (Michaelsen et al. Straps can be secured around the body to a high-backed chair with buckles or Velcro closures. For adults, the straps should be applied so that no more than 2 cm of trunk anterior displacement in the sagittal plane and no more than 5 degrees of trunk rotation are permitted while shoulder girdle movement is relatively unrestricted. If trunk restraint is used in children with cerebral palsy, up to 5 cm of trunk movement should be permitted depending on the age of the child (Schneiberg et al. How the Intervention Eases Impairments, Activity Limitations, and Participation Restrictions Permitting the use of motor compensations could lead to a pattern of learned nonuse (Allred et al. Interventions that include the restriction of trunk motor compensations by physical trunk restraint may encourage the nervous system to find new motor solutions to task accomplishment and to overcome learned nonuse. These motor solutions may be more effective in improving upper-limb function through the emergence of new motor patterns. Improvement in upper-limb function will decrease activity limitations and social participation restrictions. Evidence-Based Practice Trunk restraint therapy is beneficial for motor recovery in adults (16 to 80 years of age) with chronic acquired brain damage (stroke) leading to disrupted motor control of the trunk and arms (Michaelsen et al. The principles should be equally applicable to adults with other types of acquired brain damage such as traumatic brain injury, and to children with developmental motor disorders such as cerebral palsy. Trunk restraint combined with task-related training improved arm motor function in adults with stroke in one randomized control study (Michaelsen et al. Clients in the trunk-restraint group made greater improvements in motor function than those in the control group. Improvements were accompanied by increased active joint range and were greater in clients with greater initial severity of hemiparesis. In these clients, task-related training with trunk restraint led to less trunk movement and increased elbow extension during reaching, while clients in the control group increased compensatory trunk movement. In addition, changes in arm functions were correlated with changes in arm and trunk kinematics in the trunk-restraint group. The effectiveness of combining the approach with other approaches or as an element in shaping arm movement during constraint-induced therapy has not yet been evaluated. Recommended Reading For a description of the content and clinical application of the intervention: Michaelsen et al. For fundamental concepts on which the intervention is based: Cirstea and Levin, 2000; Levin, 2000; Levin et al. Motor training induces experiencespecific patterns of plasticity across motor cortex and spinal cord. Improvements in the upper limb of hemiparetic clients after reaching movements training. Impaired anticipatory control of isometric forces during grasping by children with cerebral palsy. Tactile control of isometric finger forces during grasping in children with cerebral palsy. Fingertip forces during object manipulation in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Development of postural adjustments during reaching in infants with cerebral palsy. Use of the trunk for reaching targets placed within and beyond the reach in adult hemiparesis. Short-term effects of practice with trunk restraint on reaching movements in clients with chronic stroke: a controlled trial. Effect of trunk restraint on the recovery of reaching movements in hemiparetic clients. Stance postural control in select groups of children with cerebral palsy: deficits in sensory organization and muscular organization. Exercise and training to optimize functional motor performance in stroke: driving neural reorganizationfi Rehabilitation of reaching after stroke: taskrelated training versus progressive resistive exercise. Forced use of the upper extremity in chronic stroke clients: Results from a singleblind randomized clinical trial. Chapter 30 Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Restoration of Upper-Limb Function: Introduction Mary H. Mark, and Edward Taub Before starting Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy, it was hard to remember to use my weaker hand for everyday things, but now I just use it without having to think about it. The intervention utilizes a combination of motor training elements and psychological concepts to facilitate increased use of the affected limb as well as improved movement quality and control. Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy is composed of three primary elements: (1) repetitive, unilateral training procedures. It is an intervention based on a behavioral neurorehabilitation model employed with individuals following central nervous system damage. This phenomenon is found in humans as well after neurologic insult, so that the individual has reduced use of the limb despite motor capability for occupational performance (Taub et al. The research then progressed to treating clients with moderate or moderately severe upper extremity impairment (Taub et al. More recently, work has been carried out with stroke clients with plegic or nearly plegic hands (Bowman et al. Introduction 303 that might interfere with administration of the therapy, and illness chronicity, to ensure homogenous populations. However, in clinical practice, greater flexibility may be appropriate to treat clients with learned nonuse (Mark and Taub, 2004). Stroke chronicity of >1 year was used for most research studies, but preliminary evidence suggests that clients in the acute to subacute phases may also benefit (Boake et al. Clients with mild or moderate upper extremity paresis are usually treated for 3,5 hours per day for 10 consecutive weekdays, while clients with more severe upper extremities paresis are usually treated 3,5 hours per day for 15 consecutive weekdays (Mark and Taub, 2004). Seventy percent of chronic stroke survivors are estimated to have motor deficit (Anderson et al. In a recent prospective study, 41 out of 87 people suffering from a stroke had moderate to severe hemiparesis (Prabhakaran et al. The great majority of these 41 clients (83%) recovered to at least 70% of the maximum motor gain possible by 3 months after stroke onset. These findings suggest that most acutely hemiparetic stroke clients eventually regain substantial movement ability that would appear adequate for training tasks. The Role of the Occupational Therapist Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy may be conducted by an occupational therapist or a physiotherapist. Therapists must employ therapeutic skills in observation, listening, problem solving, behavioral management, task analysis, strategy development, safety awareness, and risk assessment, especially with regard to appropriate mitt use. Enrolling clients who do not meet the minimal movement requirements for the specific protocol may lead to poor results as well as frustration on the part of both the therapist and the clients. Results Clinical Application Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy consists of three main components, which are demonstrated in Fig. The mitt on the less-affected hand greatly reduces the ability to use that extremity. With adults, the shaping process is usually broken up into blocks of ten trials each, and the repetitions of the task are timed or the number of repetitions completed in a set timed period.

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New Jersey and Pennsylvania governments collected no statutory taxes at all for several decades. One reason why American living standards were so high was that people could dispose of virtually all their income. The men of the frontier claimed they should pay no tax at all, since they bore the burden of defense on behalf of everyone. The opportunities for the skilled, the enterprising, the energetic, and the commercially imaginative were limitless. But not all those slender fingers pointing to God betokened the old Puritan spirit. One German observer, Gottlieb Mittelberger, summed it up neatly in 1754: `Pennsylvania is heaven for farmers, paradise for artisans, and hell for officials and preachers. In fact American religious characteristics were just beginning to mature and define themselves. It was, is, hard to define, being one of those popular movements which have no obvious beginning or end, no pitched battles or legal victories with specific dates, no constitutions or formal leaders, no easily quantifiable statistics and no formal set of beliefs. Whatever we call it, however, there was a spiritual event in the first half of the 18th century in America, and it proved to be of vast significance, both in religion and in politics. It seems to have begun among the German immigrants, reflecting a spirit of thankfulness for their delivery from European poverty and their happy coming into the Promised Land. In 1719, the German pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church, Theodore Frelinghuysen, led a series of revival meetings in the Raritan Valley. It is also important to note that this Protestant revival, unlike any of the previous incarnations of the Reformed Religion, began not in city centers, but in the countryside. It was started by preachers moving among the rural fastnesses, close to the frontier, among humble people, some of whom rarely had the chance to enjoy a sermon, many of whom had little contact with structured religion at all. These preachers were anxious not just to deliver a message but to get their hearers to learn it themselves by studying the Bible; and to do that they needed to read. So an important element in the early Great Awakening was the provision of some kind of basic education in the frontier districts and among rural communities which as yet had no regular schools. Edwards was a man of outstanding intellect and sensibility, the first major thinker in American history. He was the son and grandson of Puritan ministers, and had gone to Yale almost as young (not quite thirteen) as Cotton Mather went to Harvard. Yet he graduated first in his class and made a name for himself there as a polymath, writing speculative papers on the Mind, Spiders, the Theory of Atoms, and the Nature of Being. But, when his grandfather died, Edwards took over his church in Northampton and labored mightily in what was a rather unrewarding vineyard until he learned to base his message not so much on fear, as the old puritan preachers did, as on joy. He told sinners: `The God that holds you over the pit of 82 hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked. Edwards put an entirely new gloss on the harsh old Calvinist doctrine of Redemption by stressing that God did not just choose some, and not others, but, as it were, radiated his own goodness and beauty into the souls of men and women so that they became part of him. Moreover, this joy and knowledge of beauty, and through beauty God, is `attainable by persons of mean capacities and advantages as well as those that are of the greatest parts and learning. Edwards was not a simple evangelist but a major philosopher, whose works fill many thick volumes. But the core of his message, and certainly the secret of his appeal, then and now, and to the masses as well as to intellectuals, is that love is the essence of the religious experience. In his the Freedom of the Will (1754) Edwards insists that human beings are free because they act according to their perception and conviction of their own good. That will can be corrupted, of course, leading men and women to find the greatest apparent good in self and other lesser goods rather than in God. At all events, all can choose: they are responsible for their choices and God will hold them accountable for it. Wesley was the greatest preacher of the 18th century, or certainly the most assiduous, but his preoccupation was mainly with the English poor. Whitefield, however, was a rhetorical and histrionic star of spectacular gifts, who did not trouble himself, as Wesley did, with organization. In 1740 he made the first continental tour of the colonies, from Savannah in Georgia to Boston in the north, igniting violent sheets of religious flame everywhere. It was Whitefield, the Grand Itinerant as he was known, who caused the Great Awakening to take off. A German woman who heard him said she had never been so edified in her life, though she spoke not a word of English. He enjoyed his greatest success in the Calvinist fortress of Boston, where the established churches did not want him at all. There he joined forces with Gilbert Tennent, and an angry critic described how `people wallowed in snow, night and day, for the benefit of their beastly brayings. People went to revival meetings, then started attending regularly in their own parish church, if there was one. The curious thing about the Great Awakening is that it moved, simultaneously, in two different directions which were in appearance contradictory. But the Awakening had its effect on him nonetheless, turning him away from the traditional structures of Christianity to what became Unitarianism. And in America, as in England, Unitarianism was, for countless intellectuals, a halfway house on the long road to agnosticism. Paradoxically, as a result of the Awakening, splits arose in many churches between those who endorsed it enthusiastically and those who repudiated its emotionalism, and the second group captured many pulpits and laid the foundations of American religious liberalism. It was not just the fainting, weeping, and shrieking which went on at the mass meetings and round the campfires. It was the much less visible but still fundamental stirring of the emotions which Edwards aimed to produce. He urged a rebirth of faith, to create a New Man or a New Woman, rather as Rousseau was to do in France a generation later. He was fond of quoting the Cambridge Platonist John Smith: `A true celestial warmth is of an immortal nature; and being once seated vitally in the souls of men, it will regulate and order all the motions in a due manner; as the natural head, radicated in the hearts of living creatures, hath the dominion and the economy of the whole body under it.

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New personal formations gastritis diet �� discount doxazosin american express, formed in the process of such an adaptation can be reasons for the early occupational hazard gastritis diet chocolate discount doxazosin 4mg on-line, formation of formalism gastritis diet �� order discount doxazosin on line, stereotypeness and connivance to work [M gastritis diet �� buy doxazosin cheap online. Research methods and design the research has been conducted for 5 years on the basis of social-psychological service of the legal academy and regional branches diet for hemorrhagic gastritis purchase on line doxazosin. The respondents are young employees of the Interior Ministry having graduated from the academy (N=236 gastritis symptoms patient buy doxazosin online now, 82% males, ages 21 to 25). All the respondents were psychologically tested so that to reveal: adaptation potential, behavioural strategies and personal features (communicative, cognitive, emotional, motivational, volitional). All the respondents, while still in the attendance hours were tested in the Academy assessment centre of the social-psychological service. It consisted of the following elements: communicative, cognitive, emotional, motivational, volitional features and also the adaptation potential and behavioral strategies. Young specialists took part in the research within the first years after the employment. Those who had resigned were consulted in the Academy social-psychological service concerning their further employment. These were people who: a) had resigned within the first year (12%), b) had adapted successfully, but were not fully satisfied with their activities (26%); c) had successfully adapted and were satisfied (62%). The data collection was conducted with the help of the program Psychometric Expert 6, Survey Monkey. The research is based on comparative-longitudinal, systematic and person-oriented approaches. To conduct comparative analyses in the sample we pointed out the groups basing on the following features: gender, area of activities, the region (central or outlying), success of adaptation (those who had adapted to the professional activities and those who had resigned after the first year). The following spheres were researched: relations with the chief, mentor and colleagues; working area; information streams, connected with the content of activities and exact official tasks; working schedule; working time management; payment and employment benefit satisfaction; attitude to the motivational programmes; organizational culture; self-presentation etc. To the least important reasons belong: payment; organization of the working area; working schedule, some sides of organizational structure, employment benefits. In this research the adaptation potential of a personality was considered as a systematic quality, correlation of physiological, psychological, social-psychological peculiarities that are the most crucial for the regulation of the psychological activity and the process of adaptation. Considerable deviation to the decreasing side (at the level of statistical significance) from the statutory indicator were found on all the criteria of the adaptation potential: adaptation in the internal self-image, adaptation to the information streams, adaptation to the working schedule and energetic cost, adaptation in time). To a lesser extent the following strategies are present: addressing for support to the group, saving of the personal resources, rationalization. Summary and conclusions the results received due to the research allow us to conclude: 1. Most of the young employees make a resignation decision within the first six months after the employment. The reasons for resignation are psychological, organizational and social: where psychological ones are the most important and social the least important. As a result of the comparative analysis of the successfully adapted and deadapted groups we have found out differences on several personal factors, dynamics of the professional motivation and behavioral strategies. On the basis of the received data we created models of the successful/unsuccessful adaptation of young lawyers at the beginning stage of professional activities in the Interior Ministry. The discovered patterns have allowed creating recommendations for optimization of adaptation processes of the Interior Ministry young employees and strengthening personal adaptation potential during the years of attendance at the academy and at early stages of professional activities. Personnel Adaptation in an Organization//Psychological Provision of the Professional Activities: Theory and Practice/ Edited by prof. Assessment of the Social-Psychological Competence of the Personnel Reserve of the Chiefs of the Interior Ministry // Essential Problems of Psychological Provision of Practical Activities of the Interior Ministry: Collection of Materials of the Third All-Russian ScientificPractical Conference of Specialists of Departmental Psychological and Human Resources Services with International Participation. Personal Adaptation Potential: Its Mobilizations and Forecasting in the Extreme Conditions // Psychological Journal, V. The main idea of this paper is to prove this aspect and help the stressed individuals to calm their thought processes and boost them to a new level of only positive ideas. The objective of this paper is to observe the decrease in stress levels and increase in positive emotions among adolescents. Firstly, it was predicted that Dance movement therapy increases positive emotions in adolescents. The second hypothesis states that Adolescents who are satisfied by dance movement therapy have less stress. Moreover, the methodology of this study was convenient sampling of students who attended Montessori school in India. The overall results obtained through the questionnaire were for Hypothesis 1: the more dance movement therapy provided to the individual leads to more positive insights and helps in managing negative emotions and overcoming them and for Hypothesis 2: the minimum score achieved is 1 and the maximum score achieved is 34 (M = 18. Therefore, Dance movement therapy is a positive method of creative therapies to motivate and help changes in adolescents to become more positive and less stressed. Keywords: dance movement therapy, positive emotions, stress, adolescents, movement analysis. Through dance and movements this creative arts therapy has been known for its holistic healing and it assists individuals with emotional disturbances and reduces their negative thinking and changes it to a more optimistic thought process. Dance movement therapy also helps adolescents cope with stress, anger and emotional imbalances. It starts with puberty which causes changes in their appearance, voice or tone, complexion etc. Moreover, adolescents experience academic pressure, high level of competitive stress, some are victims of bullying. All these are some of the issues because of which they are recommended to dance movement therapy. Stress for adolescents is even when they fight with friends and especially when they experience social isolation and even social phobia. To come to a level with friends and reality and to understand their actions better adolescents are advised to attend dance movement therapy sessions to think and act better (Payne, 1992). The positive development provides the individual with a new sense of thinking and enhances their thought processes and decision making mechanisms (Chodorow, 1991). Dance movement therapy itself has many movement analysis methods which assess the dance therapist in evaluating the cause and reaction of a particular movement. As indicated by the four movement components: time (quick and maintained), weight (in the middle of light and strong), space (in the middle of indirect and direct) and flow (in the middle of bound and free) (Law, N. Objectives the objective of this study is to observe the increase of positive emotions and reduction in the level of stress with the help of dance movement therapy among adolescents. Hypothesis Hypothesis 1: Dance movement therapy increases positive emotions in adolescents. Methodology this chapter covers the research methodology and the procedures that have been chosen to be applied in the present study. The purposes of this chapter are, to provide (1) the description of participants, explain (2) the procedure used in collecting the data, (3) the selection of the sample. The major obligation is that the participants must be above the age of 12 years to participate in this study. Procedure A qualitative questionnaire on dance movement therapy consists of questions on dance movement therapy. The methodology of this study was convenient sampling of students who attended Montessori school in India. Descriptive statistics 37 respondents participated in the study, 18 of them being males and 19 of them being females between the age of 12 to 14 (M =13. Dance Therapy and emotions Hypothesis 1 states that dance movement therapy increases positive emotions in adolescents. To prove the above hypothesis the most important focus area is emotions, therefore the changes in emotions during and after the sessions were observed. The figure 1 below denotes that the number of individuals who are more calm and relaxed after the sessions and are more connected with members of the same group. Stress and dance therapy the second hypothesis is about the connection of subjective satisfaction from Dance Therapy and the level of stress. Spearman correlation test showed negative correlation between subjective advantage of dance therapy and total scores of stress scale rs = -. This data allows us to support our second hypothesis that adolescents who are satisfied with dance therapy have less stress. Conclusion this study shows that there is reduction in the levels of stress and increase in the positive emotions among adolescents. Dance therapy is a positive method of creative therapies to motivate and help changes in adolescents to become more positive and less stressed. Through the above study both the hypothesis listed were proved and suggest that dance movement therapy definitely helps in improving 150 International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends 2015 well-being, reducing stress, increasing positive emotions. Thus it changes emotional perspectives and makes the individual more positive and happy. Results show that dance therapy is a very useful aspect and helps in reducing stress and increase positive emotions in adolescents. Justice principle is based on cognitive aspects of moral consciousness moral thinking and moral judgments. Care orientation theory concentrates on empathy as the main principle of moral action with emotional orientation on needs, ideas and desires of others. Different communicational contexts arouse different decision-making and behavioral models. The goal of our research is to investigate the dynamics of moral orientation development during adolescence and youth. We compared peculiarities of moral orientation development in adolescence with youth data to define the direction of further development. Social communication in two contexts (adolescent-peer, adolescent-adult), social orientation on approval and achievement in connection with moral development were examined. The results showed the influence of communicational context on moral choices: in interaction with peers adolescents are orientated on care principle but in interaction with adults they use justice principle. Gender differences in moral orientation were found: girls are more focused on care than boys. Introduction Adolescence is the period of self-determination, ideological choices and identity development (Erikson, 1994; Bozhovich, 1981). One of important spheres of personal development during adolescence is moral development. The relevance and significance of this study is underscored by the role that moral personality development plays in the ongoing transformation of the modern Russian society. Complicated social and economic changes in social consciousness influence moral orientation development in adolescence, a most sensitive period for social interventions (Molchanov, 2007). The justice principle, oriented toward the cognitive components of moral consciousness, and the care principle, oriented toward the feelings of caring and empathy toward others. The normative cognitive-structural approach declared the justice principle to be the main principle in moral psychology, focusing attention on the cognitive aspects of moral consciousness moral thinking and moral judgments (J. Gilligan, based on the care principle and empathic orientation toward the needs, ideas and feelings of others (Kohlberg, 1984; Gilligan, 1977). Peers are regarded as the most important social group in adolescence, parents and other adults seems to be less important and distant.

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